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Industrial Equipment Ltd.

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Seminar #3

Revenue Recognition and

Accounting Judgments

Review from lecture:

In a cash based accounting system, revenue is recorded when cash is received.

How do we know when to recognize (record) revenue under accrual accounting?

-Performance is substantially complete

-Revenue and the related expenses are known or estimable

-Collection is reasonably assured

What is the potential problems with this sort of approach?

Tax minimization

Cash flow prediction (adjusting cash flow to meet certain goals)

Profit maximization

Providing information that maximizes the change to get loan

How do we manage those potential problems?

Accounting standards (GAAP – IFRS/ASPE)

Laws (tax law, securities law)

Independent audits

Facts surrounding events or transactions being accounted for

Demands of powerful stakeholders (e.g., banks might want to see specific information)


Problem #1:

Industrial Equipment Ltd. manufactures and sells parts used in various types of heavy equipment.  The most popular parts sold are those for graders.  Since they were manufacturing a number of parts for graders already, Industrial decided to expand its operations to manufacture and sell their own brand of grader.  After many meetings, Industrial was able to persuade management at Northern Alberta Construction Co. (NACC) to purchase a grader.  Industrial received an order from NACC at the end of August for 1grader to be delivered in October.  NACC intends to provide one year warranties, but in order to get the NACC order, Industrial agreed to a 2-year warranty on this initial unit.

The specific events relating to this order for Year 1are:

August 29                  Industrial receives the order

September 2                Industrial receives a signed, binding purchase order for a grader

September 5                Industrial orders the materials needed to manufacture the grader

September 10        Industrial receives a deposit from NACC for half of the total sales price

September 29        Production of the grader is completed

October 1                Industrial ships the grader to NACC

October 5        Industrial receives confirmation that the grader was received by NACC

October 15                Industrial receives payment for the balance of the sales price owing

From October 1, year 1 to September 30, year 3 Industrial provides warranty parts and service. The amounts are the same that others in the industry experience.

  1. What dates are possible choices for Industrial to recognize the revenue?  What are the problems with each?  

October 1 – delivered the equipment, they may have other performance requirements so they may not be substantially complete

October 15 – Collection is reasonably assured, we may not be able to estimate the warranty expenses related to the sale of the gender

September 30, year 3 – all uncertainties are resolved, but it delays revenue to a much later accounting period


  1. Assume that Industrial’s year end is October.  How does that impact the revenue recognition decision?  What if the year end was September 30 instead?

Year-end is October – then it does not matter as much if we picked a date in September or October to recognize revenue the revenue will still be recorded in Year 1 with exception of the Year 3 date

September – this would have an impact on both Year 1 & year 2 revenue depending on the date of recognition if it was October or September


Revenue Recognition - Example

From its 2013 Annual Report:

“ALARMFORCE INDUSTRIES INC. is a leading manufacturer and provider of proprietary security systems. AlarmForce installs and monitors its proprietary products from coast to coast across Canada and in select markets in the United States including North Carolina, Ohio, Georgia, Minnesota and Florida. Since its establishment in 1988, the Company’s primary focus has been to install and monitor affordable, state-of-the art security systems in the residential market. AlarmForce is listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange under the symbol AF.

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